Postpartum clinical diseases of dairy cows managed on smallholder production system in Gasabo district, Rwanda

The objective of the present retrospective cross-sectional study was to estimate prevalence postpartum clinical diseases (PPCDs) dairy cows reared under existing management conditions smallholder zero-grazing farming in Gasabo district, Rwanda. data PPCDs were collected retrospectively from 250 which calved for period 01 November 2019 29 February 2020. diagnosed hour calving until 40 days by animal health service providers and/or farmers. Uterine (UD) included endometritis, retained placenta, and uterine prolapse. Non-uterine (NUD) ketosis, mastitis, left displaced abomasum, milk fever. Calving problems (CP) dystocia, stillbirth, twin calving. Overall, 21.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 16.9-27.1] with UD, 28.4% (95% CI: 23.2-34.3) NUD, 70.4% 64.7-75.7) CP. For individual PPCD, dystocia (66.4%, 95% CI = 60.3-71.9), mastitis (27.6%, 22.4-33.5), placenta (19.2%, 14.8-24.5) most frequently observed sampled cows. These results provide evidence high zero-grazed on farms area. This is indicative a general herd issue, warranting that extension needs increase capacity building among farmers about control prevention their